Ecstasy (MDMA)

MDMA is a synthetic psychoactive drug associated with stimulation, emotional openness and intensified sensory experience. Products sold as ecstasy may vary in strength or composition, and serious risks can include overheating, dangerous changes in fluid balance and interactions with other drugs.

MDMA and ecstasy are closely related terms, but they are not always interchangeable.

MDMA is a specific psychoactive substance. Ecstasy usually refers to tablets, capsules, powder or crystals sold with the expectation that they contain MDMA, but their actual strength and contents can vary.

MDMA can increase energy, sociability, emotional openness and sensory intensity. These effects are linked to changes in serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine signalling.

The same drug can also disrupt temperature regulation and fluid balance.

Overheating is a serious risk, especially when MDMA is combined with prolonged dancing, warm environments, high doses or repeated dosing.

Drinking excessive amounts of water can also become dangerous. MDMA can encourage the body to retain water, and too much fluid can lower blood sodium to dangerous levels.

Products sold as ecstasy can also contain unexpectedly high doses or other substances. Appearance, colour, logo or previous experience with a similar-looking tablet cannot confirm what is inside.

Other drugs and medicines can change MDMA's effects further.

Serious complications are uncommon compared with ordinary recreational use, but when they occur they can develop quickly. Understanding both the drug and the setting in which it is used is therefore important.

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