Wernicke Encephalopathy and Korsakoff Syndrome

Severe deficiency of thiamine, vitamin B1, can cause Wernicke encephalopathy, an acute medical emergency, and Korsakoff syndrome, a condition involving lasting memory difficulties. They are related but distinct. Sudden confusion needs immediate medical help. New balance or eye-movement problems can also require urgent assessment; the complete combination of signs is not required.

Wernicke encephalopathy can affect thinking, walking, balance and eye movements. It needs urgent hospital assessment and treatment. It can occur while someone is still drinking, during withdrawal, or for reasons unrelated to alcohol.

Sudden confusion needs immediate medical help. New unsteadiness, difficulty walking, double vision or unusual eye movements also need urgent assessment, particularly when someone has eaten very little, has prolonged vomiting or may have thiamine deficiency. Do not wait for all these signs, a test result or sobriety. Food and ordinary vitamin tablets cannot replace emergency care.

Korsakoff syndrome can leave severe difficulty learning and remembering new information after the acute illness. It does not mean every ability is lost. Assessment, rehabilitation and practical support can help, although full recovery cannot be promised.

Someone who may be physically dependent on alcohol should seek medical advice before abruptly stopping or sharply reducing drinking.

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